JLPT N3 Grammar
A clean, printable, pure-HTML reference sheet for commonly studied JLPT N3 grammar. Since there is no single official public N3 grammar master list, this page organizes the most widely taught N3 patterns into clear categories with quick meanings and compact structures.
1. Time & Sequence
Use these when describing when something starts, changes, continues, or happens in order.
Pattern: Vる / Vない + うちに
Memo: Do something while the condition remains.
Pattern: Vている / Nの + 間に・間
Memo: 間に = something happens during; 間 = state continues.
Pattern: Vた + ところ
Memo: A completed action right now.
Pattern: Vている + ところ
Memo: Action is happening now.
Pattern: Vる / Vた + ところだった
Memo: Depends on tense and context.
Pattern: Vた + ばかり
Memo: Recently completed action.
Pattern: Vた + ばかりに
Memo: Often regret or bad result.
Pattern: Vてからでないと
Memo: One action must happen first.
Pattern: Vている / Nの + 最中
Memo: Stronger than ところ.
Pattern: Vた + とたん
Memo: Something happens immediately after.
2. Reason & Cause
These forms explain causes, motivations, natural consequences, and emotional reasons.
Pattern: Vる / Nの / Naな + ために
Memo: Purpose or formal cause.
Pattern: N / 普通形 + おかげで
Memo: Positive result.
Pattern: N / 普通形 + せいで
Memo: Usually negative result.
Pattern: 普通形 + せいか
Memo: Speaker is not fully sure.
Pattern: Nの / Vる + あまり
Memo: Excess leads to result.
Pattern: あまりに + Adj / V
Memo: Emphasizes extreme degree.
Pattern: 普通形 + ことから
Memo: Basis for judgment.
Pattern: Vた / Nの + 結果
Memo: Neutral/formal outcome.
Pattern: Vる / Vた / Nがきっかけで
Memo: Starting point of change.
3. Contrast, Addition & Comparison
Useful for saying “not only A but also B,” “rather than,” or comparing two sides.
Pattern: N / 普通形 + ばかりでなく
Memo: Formal addition.
Pattern: N / 普通形 + だけでなく
Memo: Common and flexible.
Pattern: N / 普通形 + のみならず
Memo: More formal style.
Pattern: N + に対して
Memo: Comparison or target.
Pattern: N + に比べて
Memo: Direct comparison.
Pattern: Vる / Nの + かわりに
Memo: Replacement or trade-off.
Pattern: Vる + 一方だ / 一方で
Memo: Meaning changes by use.
Pattern: Nの / 普通形 + 反面
Memo: Shows opposite side.
Pattern: 普通形 + くせに
Memo: Complaint or criticism tone.
Pattern: 普通形 / Nの + わりに
Memo: Result differs from expectation.
4. Degree, Limits & Extent
These are key for “too much,” “as much as possible,” “at least,” and “to the point that...”
Pattern: Vます / Adj stem + すぎる
Memo: Overdoing something.
Pattern: N / 普通形 + ほど
Memo: Shows degree.
Pattern: N / 普通形 + くらい
Memo: Approximate level or emphasis.
Pattern: Nほど + negative
Memo: Comparison with negation.
Pattern: Vば / Adjければ + Vるほど
Memo: Paired comparative pattern.
Pattern: Vて / Adjくて + たまらない
Memo: Strong personal feeling.
Pattern: Vて / Adjくて + しょうがない
Memo: Emotion or urge is strong.
Pattern: Vる + しかない
Memo: Only one option remains.
Pattern: N / て-form + さえ
Memo: Adds surprising minimum example.
Pattern: N / Vます + さえすれば / ば
Memo: One minimal condition is enough.
5. Guess, Appearance & Hearsay
A major N3 area: making guesses, reporting hearsay, and talking about visible appearance.
Pattern: Vます / Adj stem + そうだ
Memo: Visual impression.
Pattern: 普通形 + そうだ
Memo: Hearsay, different from appearance そう.
Pattern: N / 普通形 + らしい
Memo: Based on information or typical nature.
Pattern: 普通形 / Nの + ようだ
Memo: Broad comparison or inference.
Pattern: 普通形 / N + みたいだ
Memo: Casual version of ようだ.
Pattern: N + らしい
Memo: Ex: 子どもらしい.
Pattern: N / stem + っぽい
Memo: Casual and expressive.
Pattern: 普通形 + 恐れがある
Memo: Formal warning style.
Pattern: 普通形 + はずだ
Memo: Logical expectation.
Pattern: 普通形 + はずがない
Memo: Strong denial based on logic.
6. Intention, Advice & Trying
These patterns are common in daily Japanese for advice, attempts, intention, and decisions.
Pattern: Volitional + と思う
Memo: Current intention.
Pattern: Vる / Vない + つもりだ
Memo: Firm plan or assumption.
Pattern: Vる / Vない + ことにする
Memo: Personal decision.
Pattern: Vる / Vない + ことになる
Memo: Decision by circumstances/rules.
Pattern: Vて + みる
Memo: Trial action.
Pattern: Vて + みせる
Memo: Strong determination.
Pattern: Vる / Vない + ようにする
Memo: Habitual effort.
Pattern: Vる / Vない + ようにしている
Memo: Ongoing effort.
Pattern: Vば + いい
Memo: Advice or simple solution.
Pattern: Vたら + どう
Memo: Casual suggestion.
7. Conditionals & Hypotheticals
N3 expects comfort with nuanced if-patterns and result clauses.
Pattern: Clause + と
Memo: Natural or automatic result.
Pattern: Past casual + ら
Memo: Flexible and common.
Pattern: Conditional ば form
Memo: Logical or formal feeling.
Pattern: N / 普通形 + なら
Memo: Based on topic/information.
Pattern: minimal condition + ば
Memo: One thing is enough.
Pattern: たら + のに
Memo: Regret or wish.
Pattern: Vば + よかった
Memo: Past regret.
Pattern: Vなくてもいい
Memo: Not necessary.
Pattern: Te-form + も
Memo: Concession.
8. Obligation, Prohibition & Rules
Very common for exams, school, work, and formal instructions.
Pattern: Vない → なければならない
Memo: Formal obligation.
Pattern: Vない → なくてはならない
Memo: Same meaning, different set phrase.
Pattern: Vない + といけない
Memo: Common spoken form.
Pattern: Dictionary form + べきだ
Memo: Moral or strong advice.
Pattern: Dictionary form + べきではない
Memo: Strong recommendation against.
Pattern: Vる / Vない + ことだ
Memo: Advice or instruction.
Pattern: Vては + いけない
Memo: Prohibition.
Pattern: Vない + ことはない
Memo: Weak positive or softening.
Pattern: Vない → ないわけにはいかない
Memo: Social obligation.
9. Quoting, Reporting & Information
These forms help when repeating information, giving definitions, or explaining what someone said.
Pattern: Clause / N + と言う
Memo: Basic quoting.
Pattern: N + という + N
Memo: Naming or explaining.
Pattern: Clause + とのことだ
Memo: Formal hearsay.
Pattern: Context-dependent
Memo: Check whether it is quote or advice.
Pattern: Vる + ことになる
Memo: Formal result/decision.
Pattern: Vる + ことにする
Memo: Speaker makes the decision.
Pattern: N + によると
Memo: Source of information.
Pattern: N + によれば
Memo: Slightly formal style.
Pattern: N + について
Memo: Topic marker for content.
Pattern: N + に関して
Memo: More formal than について.
10. Extra Core N3 Forms
These are additional patterns that often appear in N3 study materials and practice sets.
Pattern: Vる / Vない + ようになる
Memo: Gradual change in ability or habit.
Pattern: Clause + ように言う
Memo: Indirect command/request.
Pattern: Clause + ように頼む
Memo: Indirect request.
Pattern: Vます + にくい
Memo: Objective or emotional difficulty.
Pattern: Vます + やすい
Memo: Natural opposite of にくい.
Pattern: N / Na + にする
Memo: Select a result.
Pattern: N / Na + になる
Memo: Change of state.
Pattern: Vた / Nの + まま
Memo: State continues.
Pattern: Vる / Nの + たびに
Memo: Repeated occasion.
Pattern: Vない stem + ずに
Memo: Formal-ish version of ないで.
Pattern: Volitional + とする
Memo: Attempt or imminent action.
Pattern: Vた + ことがある
Memo: Experience or occasional action.
Pattern: Clause + ように見える
Memo: Visual impression.
Pattern: Vる / Nの + とおりに
Memo: According to example or instruction.
Pattern: N / Vる + にしたがって
Memo: Change that develops along with something.
Pattern: Vる / N + につれて
Memo: One change follows another.
Pattern: N + にとって
Memo: From someone’s viewpoint.
Pattern: N + として
Memo: Position, qualification, role.
Pattern: 普通形 + わけだ
Memo: Natural conclusion from information.
Pattern: 普通形 + わけではない
Memo: Partial negation.